FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT – LESSON 12

FAMILIARISE 
YOURSELF  WITH  SANSKRIT – LESSON  12
In the previous chapter we studied about the category of words known as avyayas
which remain unchanged in all cicrumstances and looked at examples which correspond
to what in English grammar can be referred to as (1) conjunctions (2)
interjections and (3) prepositions
In this chapter we shall learn about avyayas which correspond to particles
and  adverbs
(4) Particles
किल =  verily, indeed   खलु 
= certainly, indeed  
= and  
तु = but,
however, in addition 
नु = indeed      वै
to be sure 
हि = because, indeed
The following particles are used with
certain words
अद्  –    अद्भुतम् = wonder   का – 
कापुरुषः = a bad
person 
काजलम् = a little water
कुकुसंग = bad company   चित्, चन् 
–  
किञ्चित्, किञ्चन
little, somewhat 
कश्चित् , कश्चन= someone, anyone.     
– This is generally changed to   when prefixed to words beginning with a
consonant. It changes to
अन्  when prefixed to words
beginning with a vowel.  This particle
has six different meanings:
1. सादृश्य (likeness or resemblance) as in अब्राह्मणः = one, not a brahmin but resembling a
brahmin.
2.  भाव
(absence or negation) as in
अज्ञान  – absence of knowledge                
3.  अन्यत्व (different from)  as in  अयमपटः = this is something different from a
cloth (
पट)
4.  अल्पता (littleness) as in अनुदरा कन्या
a girl having slender waist
5.  अप्राशस्त्य (badness, unfitness etc) as in अनीतिः = immorality अकालः
improper times
स्म – 
this particle is used with the form of the present tense of a verb which
gives the sense of the past tense as in
पठति स्म = अपठत्
वित्  
is added to
किम्   and other indeclinables
and asks a question or implies a doubt 
किंस्वित् = whether, how  आहोस्वित् = Is it so? ( usually used after किम्)
स्वी – It is used with कृ and its derivatives like a preposition
in the sense of acceptance –
स्वीकार, स्वीकृतम् , स्वीकृतिः
(5) ADVERBS
अकस्मात् = suddenly, all at once   अग्रतः, अग्रे
in front of, before
अचिरम्, अचिरेण, अचिराय, अचिरात् = not long since, recently, quickly
अजस्रम्
ever, constantly, always 
अन्तर = into, in अतः = hence, on this account
अतीव =exceedingly   अत्र 
= here
अथ = then,
afterwards
अद्य =
today, this day
अधस्, अधस्तात्
below, down 
अपरम् = again, moreover अपरेद्युः = on the following day  अधुना = now, at this time  अन्तर्, अन्तरा, अन्तरेण, अन्तरे = except, without, inside, between,
amidst
अन्यत्, अन्यच्च = again, moreover.  अन्यत्र = elsewhere
अन्यथा = otherwise अभीक्ष्णम् = frequently अभ्याशे = near 
अमा =
together
अवश्यम्
=necessarily. 
अलम् =enough 
असकृत् =
often 
असंप्रति, असांप्रतम् =improperly, unfittingly  आम् = indeed  इतः = hence इतस्ततः = here and there इति
in this manner, so
इतिह = this indeed.  इत्थम् = in this manner, so  इदानीम् = just now
इह = here इयत् = slightly उत = or 
उच्चैः =
loudly 
उत्तरम् = than उभयतः 
= from both sides 
ऊर्ध्वम्
up, above 
ऋतम् = truly 
ऋते =
except, without 
एकत्र = in one place एकदा = once एकपदे
all at once
एतर्हि = now, at present  एव = just, quite
एवम् = so 
ओम् = so be
it 
कथम् = how, in what way कथञ्चन, कथञ्चित् = somehow, with great difficulty  कथन्नाम =  how indeed  कदा = when  कदाचित्
once upon a time
कर्हिचित्
at any time. 
किञ्च = more over, further  किन्तु = but  किन्नु = what indeed  किमुत = how much, more  किंवा = or 
कुतः = from
where
कुत्र = where
कुत्रचित् =
somewhere 
कृतम् = enough, no more केवलम्
only, merely
क्व = where  क्वचित् = nowhere खलु = certainly चिरम्, चिराय, चिरात्, चिरस्य = a long time  चेत् = if जातु = perhaps झटिति =  quickly, at once  तद् = therefore  ततः consequently तत्र = there तथाहि= as for instance तस्मात् = therefore  तर्हि =  then, at the time तावत् = in the first place  तूष्णीम् = silently तेन = on that account  दिवा
by the day
दिष्ट्या= fortunately दूरम् = at a distance धिक् = fie ध्रुवम् = certainly = not नञ्= not
नमः = reverence  नहि = not so, not at all  नाना = in various ways नाम
by name, indeed
नीचैः = gently, softly  नूनम्
certainly 
नो = not 
परम् = then,
over
परश्वः
day after tomorrow 
परितः = around परेद्युः = the other day  पर्याप्तम् = sufficiently  पश्चात् = behind, at last  पुनः = again 
पुनः पुनः = again and again पुरः, पुरस्तात्, पुरतः = before, in front  पुरा =  in former time  पूर्वतः =  before, to the East
पूर्वेद्युः
yesterday 
पृथक्
severally
प्रतिदिनम्
every day
प्रत्युत =  on the other hand प्रसह्य 
= forcibly
प्राक्  = before, at first प्रातर्
in the morning  
प्रायः
mostly
प्रेत्य = after
death
बहिः =  outside 
बलात् =
forcibly
भूयः =  again and again मा
don’t
मिथः =  each other 
मिथ्या =  false मुहुः = again and again मृषा
falsely, lying
यत् = since यतः =  as, since  यत्र = where  यथा
as, namely
यथाकथा=  somehow  यथाक्रमम्=  in due order  यथातथा =  just as required यदा = when यदि = if (the corresponding is तर्हि 
not ’
तदि’)  यावत् = so long as, as soon as
युगपत् = simultaneously रात्रौ = by night  वत् = like वा =  or विना
except 
विहायसा
high up in the sky
वृथा =  in vain  वै =  to be sure शम् = ease 
शनैः gently शश्वत् = always श्वः
tomorrow 
सकृत्
once 
सत् = well सततम्, सदा
always
सद्यः =  at once सना, सनत्
eternal
सपदि =  the very moment  समन्ततः =  all round समम् 
=  equally 
समीपम्, समीपे =  in one’s presence समीचीनं = well, properly
  
सम्प्रति =  now सम्मुखम् = in front सम्यक् = well 
सर्वतः = on
all sides 
सर्वत्र = everywehre सर्वथा = by all means, in every way, in every
respect 
सर्वदा
always
सह =  along with 
सहसा = all
at once 
सहितम् = together with  साकम् = with  साक्षात्
in a bodily form, 
सत्यम्
truly
सार्धम् =  with  साम्प्रतम्
now, at present
सायम् =  in the evening  सुखम् = happily सुष्ठु =  in a good manner  स्थाने =  properly स्वयम्
oneself
स्वर् =  heaven स्वस्ति
may it all be well 
= verily, indeed हि =  
because, indeed
हेतोः, हेतौ =  on account of 
ह्यः =  yesterday 






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Sri P R Ramamurthy Ji was the author of this website. When he started this website in 2009, he was in his eighties. He was able to publish such a great number of posts in limited time of 4 years. We appreciate his enthusiasm for Sanskrit Literature. Authors story in his own words : http://ramamurthypr1931.blogspot.com/

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