FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT ANNEXURE TO LESSON 5

Posted , updated on

                                                            Annexure to Lesson No. 5
               
Roots of verbs in Sanskrit
भ्वादि (प्रथम) गण – परस्मैपद
1.  अट्   to roam, to wander
2.  अर्च्  to worship, to adore                                       
3.  अर्ज्  to procure, to earn
4.  अर्ह्  to deserve, to worship                       
5. अव्  to defend, to protect, to please,  to know, to go, to beautify, to like, to
     satisfy, toenter, to hear, to beg, to
desire, to shine, to kill, to obtain                
6.  काङ्क्ष्  to wish, to desire                         
7.  कृष् (कर्ष्)  to plough                        
8.  क्रद् (क्रन्द्) to call, to weep                  
9.  क्रीड्  to play, to amuse oneself              
10. क्रुश् (क्रोश्) to call, to cry, to
lament          
11. क्षि(क्षय्)  to decay                             
12. खाद्     to eat                               
13. गद्      to speak                            
14. गम् (गच्छ्)  to go                                   
15. गर्ज्     to thunder, to roar                               
16. गल्     to drop, to ooze, to drip                          
17. गै (गाय्) to sing                             
18. घ्रा (जिघ्र्) to smell                              
19. चर्   to go, to eat, to walk                        
20. चल्  to shake, to move                     
21. जप्  to chant, to mutter                                   
22. जल्प् to murmur, to
prattle                                  
23. जि (जय्)  to conquer                                       
24. जीव्   to live                                    
25. ज्वल्   to burn, to glow                                 
26. तप्     to shine, to heat                                
27. तॄ (तर्)  to cross, to swim, to get over, to go to the
end of, to liberate from                       
28. त्यज्     to abandon                              
29. (दश्) to bite                                
30. दह्      to burn, to pain, to scorch             
31. दा (यच्छ्) to give                               
32. दृश् (पश्य़्) to see                               
33. द्रु (द्रव्) to melt, to run, to
rush                  
34. धाव्  to run, to clean, to wash                  
35. ध्मा(धम्) to blow, to
exhale                      
36. ध्यै (ध्याय्) to think of, to
meditate                
37. नट्  to dance, to act                              
38. नद् (नन्द्) to be glad                           
39. नम् to bow, to bend                           
40. निद् (निन्द्) to blame, to
condemn             
41. पठ्  to read, to recite, to study                   
42. पत् to fall                                    
43. पा (पिब्) to drink                                 
44. फल्  to bear fruit, to result                       
45. फुल्ल् to bloom , to
open                           
46. भण्  to speak, to call                             
47. भू(भव्) to be, to live, to be
born                      
48. भ्रम्  to roam, to wander                             
49. मद्   to be glad, to dry up                                     
50. मील्  to close (as the eyes)                                  
51. मूर्च्छ्  to faint, to grow, to prevail, to be a
match             
52. यम् (यच्छ्) to check, to offer,
to lift up, to show    
53. रक्ष्  to protect                                         
54. रुह् (रोह्) to grow, to increase,
to rise, to reach     
55. लप्  to speak, to wail, to whisper, to lament       
56. वद्   to say, to speak                                   
57. वम्   to vomit, to spit out                                       
58. वस्   to stay, to dwell                                           
59. वाञ्छ्  to wish, to desire                                         
60. वृष् (वर्ष्)  to rain, to pour forth                                            
61. व्रज्    to go, to proceed, to pass                                
62. शंस्    to praise, to relate                                            
63. शुच् (शोच्) to grieve, to regret,
to bewail                          
64. सद् (सीद्)  to sit, to sit down                                     
65. सृ (सर्)    to go                                                 
66. स्खल्      to stumble, to fall down, to slip, to
err                 
67. स्था (तिष्ठ्),  to stand, to stay, to dwell, to wait                    
68. स्मृ (स्मर्)   to remember, to think upon                          
69. स्रु (स्रव्)     to flow, to trickle away                                         
70. हस्         to smile, to laugh                                    
भ्वादि (प्रथम) गण – आत्मनेपद्
1.  अक् (अङ्क्)  to mark, to count, to enumerate
2. 
ईक्ष् to see, to look at
3. 
ईह्  to
aim at
4. 
एध् to grow, to increase, to prosper, to boast
5. 
कत्थ् to praise, to boast
6. 
कप् (कम्प्) to shake, to tremble
7. 
कम् to love, to desire, to wish
8. 
काश् (generally with प्र) to shine
9. 
क्लृप्(कल्प्) to be fit for, to be
able, to accomplish, to produce
10.
क्षम् to endure, to forgive
11.
गल्भ् (usually with प्र)  to be bold, to be confident
12.
गाह् to plunge
13.
ग्रथ्  to
be crooked 
14.
ग्रथ् (ग्रन्थ्) to lie, to string
together, to fasten
15.
ग्रस् to swallo
16.
चेष्ट् to stir, to make efforts
17.
च्यु (च्यव्) to go, to slip down
18.
जृभ् (जृम्भ्) to yawn
19.
डी (डय्) to fly
20.
तिज्(तितिक्ष्) to suffer patiently
or with courage, to bear
21.
त्वर् to hasten
22.
त्रप्  to
shy, to be ashamed
23.
त्रै(त्राय्) to protect, to save
from
24.
द्युत्(द्योत्) to shine
25.
ध्वंस् to perish, to ruin,
to fall down, to be reduced to dust
                      
i.   or power.
26.
बाध्  to trouble, to disturb, to oppress, to
torment
27.
भाष्  to speak, to say
28.
भास्  to shine
29.
भिक्ष्  to beg, to ask
30.
भ्रंश्   to fall, to drop down
31.
भ्राज् to shine
32.
मान् (मीमांस्) to seek knowledge, to
have desire to know
33.
मुद् (मोद्) to rejoice, to be
glad
34.
यत् to attempt, to
labour, to strive after 
35.
रभ्  (generally with आ) to begin,
to embrace, to long for
                      
i.   To act rashly
36.
रम्  to play, to sport, to rejoice at, to take
rest
37.
राज्  toshine
38.
रुच्(रोच्) to shine, to like
39.
लभ् to get, to obtain
40.
वद् (वन्द्) to bow, to salute, to
praise
41.
वृत्(वर्त्) to be, to exist,
tolive on, to occupy
42.
वृध् (वर्ध्) to grow, to increase,
to become stronger
43.
वेप् to tremble, to shake
44.
वेष्ट् to शक्(शङ्क्) to surround, to wind
around
45.
शक् (शङ्क्) to doubt, to be
afraid
46.
शंस् to desire,
47.
शिक्ष् to learn, to teach
48.
शुभ्(शोभ्) to shine
49.
श्लाघ्  to praise, to flatter, to boast
50.
सह् to suffer, to
forbear, to endure
51.
सेव् to serve
52.
स्पन्द् to throb, to
palpitate, to shake
53.
स्पर्ध् to compete, to rival
54.
स्फुट् to blow, to burst
open
55.
स्मि(स्मय्) to smile
56.
स्यन्द् to ooz, to flow
57.
स्रंस्   to trickle,
58.
स्वाद्  to taste
59. ह्लाद् to be
glad, to sound(indistinct)
भ्वादि (प्रथम) गण – उभयपद
1.  क्रम्(क्राम्)  to walk, to step
2.  खन्  to dig, to excavate
3.  गुह्(गूढ्) to cover,
to keep secret
4.  धृ(धर्) to hold,
to support
5.  नी(नय्) to lead,
to carry off, to carry, to settle
6.  पच् to cook,
to digest
7.  बुध्(बोध्) to know,
to mark, to esteem
8.  भज् to be
devoted, to honour, to divide, to share
9.  भृ(भर्) to
nourish, to fill, to bear, to support
10. भ्राज् to shine
11. यज्  to worship, to sacrifice, to honour, to
dedicate, to give
12. याच्  to beg, to request, to ask
13. राज्  to shine, to be at the head
14. लघ्(लङ्घ्)   to go, 
to fast
15. वह्   to carry, to lead
16. व्यय्  to go, to expand, to give away(money)
17. शप्  to curse 
18. श्रि(श्रय्) to serve,
to cling to, to depend upon, to go to
19. हृ(हर्) to take,
to steal
20. ह्वे(ह्वय्) to call
by name, to call out, to struggle, to sound
अदादि (द्वितीय्) गण– परस्मैपद
1.  अद्   to eat
2. 
अन्   to breathe, to live
3. 
अस्   to be
4. 
इ     to go
5. 
ख्या   to relate, to tell, to be
known, to be famous
6. 
जक्ष्   to eat, tolaugh
7. 
जागृ   to awake
8. 
दरिद्रा  to be poor 
9. 
दा     to cut
10.
धु    to advance towards, to attack
11.
द्रा    to run, to sleep (generally
with नि) 
12.
पा    to protect, to rule
13.
प्सा   to eat
14.
भा    to shine
15.
मा    to measure, to limit, to
compare with,
1.  to form, to show
16.
या    to go, to invade, to pass away
17.
यु    to join, to separate, to
mix 
18.
रा    to give, to receive, to take
19.
रुद्   to weep, to shed tears
20.
ला    to take, to receive
21.
वश्   to wish, to desire
22.
वा    to blow, to go
23.
विद्   to know
24.
श्रा    to cook, to boil, to mature,
to ripen
25.
सु     to possess power or supremacy
to produce 
26.
स्ना    to bathe, to perform an
ablution
27.
स्वप्   to sleep, to repose
28. हन्   
to kill
अदादि (द्वितीय)गण – आत्मनेपद
1.  आस्  to sit
2. 
इ (generally with अधि)  to study
3. 
ईड्  to praise
4. 
ईर्  to go, to shake
5. 
ईश् to rule, to govern,
to be master 
6. 
चक्ष् to speak, to say
distinctly
7. 
निज् to wash, to clean, to
purify
8. 
पृज्  to come in contact with
9. 
वस्  to wear, to cover
10.
वृज्  to avoid, to shun
11.
शिज् to tinkle, to jingle
12.
शी to sleep, to lie down
13. सू to
produce, to yield, to bring forth
अदादि (द्वितीय) गण – उभयपद
1.  ऊर्णु  to cover, to surround, to hide
2. 
दिह्  to smear, to plaster, to spread over, to
soil,
                      
i.   to pollute,
to increase, to augment
3. 
दुह्   to milk, to extrat
4. 
द्विष्  to hate, to dislike
5. 
ब्रू    to say, to tell, to speak
6. 
लिह्  to lick, to taste
7. 
स्तु   to praise, to extol, to worship by hymns
जुहोत्यादि (तृतीय) गण – परस्मैपद
1.  ऋ  to go
2.  कि  to acquire
3.  गा  to sing, to praise
4.  जन् to be born
5.  तुर्  to hurry, to hasten
6.  धन्  to produce, to bear fruit
7.  धिष्  to sound
8.  पृ or पॄ  to protect, to fill, to bring out
9.  भस् to shine,
to censure, to blame
10. भी to fear
11. हा to leave,
to abandon
12. हु to offer
as oblation, to fire, to eat
13. ह्री to be
ashamed, to be modest
जुहोत्यादि (तृतीय) गण – आत्मनेपद
1.  मा to measure
2.  हा to go
जुहोत्यादि (तृतीय) गण – उभयपद
1.  दा to give
2. 
धा to hold, to maintain,
to give, to grant, to present,
a.  to put, to
plan, to bear
3. 
निज्  to wash, to clean, to purify, to nourish
4. 
भृ to bear, to protect
5. 
विज् to separate, to
distinguish
6.  विष्  to surround, to pervade
दिवादि (चतुर्थ) गण – परस्मैपद
1. 
अस् to throw
2.  ऋध् to grow, to increase,
to prosper,to please
3.  कुप् to be angry
4.  कृश् to becomed lean or
thin
5.  क्रम् (क्राम्) to step, to walk
6.  क्रुध् to be angry
7.  क्लम् (क्लाम्) to be tired, to be
sorry
8.  क्लिद् to be wet, to be damp
9.  क्लिश् to suffer, to be
afflicted
10. क्षम्(क्षाम्) to endure
11. क्षिप्  to place, to throw
12. क्षुध्   to be hu angry
13. क्षुभ्   to move to and fro
14. जॄ (जीर्य्) to grow old
15. तम्(ताम्) to wish, to desire,
to be anxious, to be fatigued
16. तृप् to be pleased, to
please, to satisfy
17. तृष् to be thirsty, to
wish, to wish excessively , to be eager
18. त्रस् to quake, to shake, to
start with fear
19. दम् (दाम्) to be tamed, to be
calm, to conquer
20.
दिव् (दीव्) to gamble, to shine,
to praise, to play, to be glad
to be mad, to be drunk,
to be sleepy, to go 
21.
दुष्  to
be bad, to be wrong, to be unchaste, to corrupt
22. दृप्  to be proud, to be greatly delighted
23. द्रुह्  to bear malice or hatred
24. नश् to be lost, to perish
25. नृत् to dance
26. पुष्  to nourish
27. भ्रम् (भ्राम्) to move around (in a
circle)
28. भ्रंश् (भ्रश्) to fall down, to
decline
29. मद् (माद्) to be glade
30. मिद् (मेद्) to melt
31. मुह् to faint, to swoon, to
fall, to err, to be foolish
32. मृग् to seek, to search
for, to hunt, to examine
33. राध् to grow, to prosper
34. रुध् to desire, to obey, to
consider
35. लुभ् to covet
36. व्यध् to hurt, to strike, to
kill, to pierce
37. शम्(शाम्)  to be calm, to stop
38. शुध् to be pure, to have
doubts removed
39. शुष् to dry up, to be
dried, to be afflicted
40. श्रम्(श्राम्) to take pains, to
mortify the body (by penance etc)
41. श्लिष्  to embrace, to stick, to unite
42. ष्ठिव्   to spit
43.
सिध्   to
be fulfilled, to attain one’s end, to succeed, to accomplish
44. स्निह्  to love
45. सिव् – सीव् to stitch, to join to
sew
46. स्विद् to sweat, to perspire
दिवादि (चतुर्थ) गण –आत्मनेपद
1.  ई  to go
2. 
काश् (generally with प्र) to shine
3. 
क्लिश् to suffer, to feel
pain
4. 
खिद् to suffer pain
5. 
चूर् to burn
6. 
जन् (जा) to be
born
7. 
जूर् to hurt, to kill, to
grow old
8. 
डी to fly
9. 
तप् to rule, to be
powerful, to shine
10.
तूर् to go quickly, to
kill, to hurt
11.
दी to perish, to waste
12.
दीप् to shine, to blaze
13.
दू  to suffer pain, to be sorry
14.
धी to hold, to contain
15.
धूर् to kill, to hurt, to
go
16.
पद्  to go, to move
17.
पी  to drink
18. पूर् to fill,
to satisfy                                  
19.
प्री to be satisfied, to
be pleased
20.
बुध् to know, to
understand
21.
मन् to think, to suppose,
to imagine
22.
मा to measure
23.
युज् to meditate
24.
युध् to fight, to wage war
25.
री to distill, to ooze,
to flow
26.
रुध् (generally with अनु) to
consider, to desire, to obey
27.
लिश् to be small or
reduced
28. ली to stick
fimly, to lie or rest on, to adhere, to dwell in,
    to hide, to embrace
29. विद् to be
30.
वृत् to choose, to divide
31.
सू  to bring forth, to produce, to yield
32. सृज् to be sent
forth, to create
दिवादि (चतुर्थ) गण – भयपद
1. 
नह्  to
tie
2. 
मृष् to endure
3. 
रञ्ज् (रज्) to redden, to be
dyed, to be pleased, to be devoted to, to be in love with
4. 
लष्  to
wish, to desire
5. 
शक् to be able
6. 
शप् to curse
7. 
शुच् to be wet, to be afflicted, to purify
स्वादि (पञ्चम) गण – परस्मैपद
1. 
आप्  to
pervade, to obtain
2. 
ऋध्  to
grow, to increase
3. 
तिक्  to
attack, to go
4. 
तृप्   to
be pleased or contented
5. 
दम्भ्  to
hurt, to deceive
6. 
दु  to
burn, to pain, to distress
7. 
धि to satisfy
8. 
धृष् to hold, to be proud, to dare
9. 
पृ  to please
10.
राध्  to accomplish, to propitiate, to succeed
11.
शक् to be able, to have
power to effect
12.
श्रु to hear, to listen to
13.
स्मृ to please, to protect
14.
हि to go, to promote
स्वादि (पञ्चम) गण –आत्मनेपद
1. 
अश्  to pervade, to accumulate
2. 
स्तिध् to ascend, to assail,
to attack
स्वादि (पञ्चम) गण – उभयपद
1. 
कृ  to hurt, to kill
2.  चि  to collect, to gather (flowers etc), to
search, keepin the sacred fire
3.  धू to shake,
to tremble
4.  मि to throw,
to measure
5.  वृ  to choose
6.  शि  to sharpen, to whet, to excite
7.  सि to bind,
to tie
8.  सु to bathe,
to extract juice
9. 
स्तृ to cover
तुदादि (षष्ठ) गण – परस्मैपद
1. 
इष्(इच्छ्)  to wish,to desire
2.  उछ्(उच्छ्)  to finish, to abandon
3.  उछ्(उच्छ्)  to clean
4.  ऋच्       to praise
5.  ऋच्छ्      to go, to sense, to destroy, to
incarnate, to exist,
1. 
to become hard.
6.  कॄ (किर्)   to scatter
7.  गुफ्(गुम्फ्)  to string together
8.  गॄ(गिर्)   to swallow, to devour
9.  प्रच्छ् (पृच्छ्) to ask questions
10. भुज् to act in a crooked
way
11. मस्ज् (मज्ज्) to bathe, to dip
12. मृश् to touch, to rub, to
stroke
13. रुज् to break to pieces, to
destroy, to pain
14. लिख् to write, to draw a
line, to sketch
15. विश्  to enter
16. षद् (सीद्) to sit, to lie down,
to sink, to live, to reside, to be in distress, to perish, to decay
17. सृज् to create, to produce
18. स्पृश् to touch
19. स्फुट्  to split, to open, to burst, to blossom
20.
स्फुर् to palpitate, to shake, to tremble
तुदादि ( षष्ठ ) गण आत्मनेपद
1. 
जुष्  to
be pleased, to be favourable
2. 
धृ (ध्रिय्)to be, to exist, to
live, to continue to live
3. 
मृ(मृय्) to die, to perish
4. 
लस्ज्(लज्ज्) to feel ashamed, to
blush
5. 
निज् to tremble, to move
तुदादि (षष्ठ) गण उभयपद
1. 
कृत् (कृन्त्) to cut
2. 
कृष् to make furrows, to plough
3. 
क्षिप् to throw
4. 
तुद् to strike, to wound, to hurt, to pain
5. 
दिश् to point out, to show,
6. 
नुद्  to push, to incite, to remove, to throw
7. 
भ्रस्ज् (भ्रज्ज्) to fry, to roast, to
parch
8. 
मिल्  to join, to be united with, to meet together
9. 
मुच् (मुञ्च) to release, to loose,
to set free, to leave, to abandon
10.
लिप् (लिम्प्) to anoint, to smear
11.
लुप् (लुम्प्) to break, to cut off
12.
विद् (विन्द्)  to get, to gain
13.
सिच्(सिञ्च्) to sprinkle
रुधादि (सप्तम) गण – परस्मैपद
1. 
अञ्ज्  to
smear with, to go, to make clear, to shine
2.  उन्द् to wet,  to moisten
3.  कृत् to surround, to twist
round
4.  तञ्च्/ज् to contract, to shrink
5.  पिष् to pound, to crush
6.  पृच्  to come in contact with
7.  भुज् to rule, to govern, to
enjoy, to eat
8.  विज् to tremble, to fear
9.  वृज् to avoid
10. शिष् to leave remaining, to
distinguish from others
11. हिंस् to kill
रुधादि (सप्तम) गण –आत्मनेपद
1.  इन्ध्  to shine, to kindle
2.  खिद्  to be depressed, to suffer pain/misery
3.  विद्  to consider, to discuss
रुधादि (सप्तम) गण – उभयपद
1.  क्षुद् to strike
against, to pound
2.  छिद् to
separate into two, to cut, to mow
3.  छृदिर् to shine,
to gamble, to vomit
4.  तृदिर् to kill,
to disregard
5.  भिद् to split,
to divide
6.  युज् to unite,
to join
7.  रिच् to purge,
to empty
8.  रुध् to
obstruct, to prevent
9.  विच् to
separate
तनादि ( अष्टम ) गण  आत्मनेपद
1.  मन् to consider, to esteem
2.  वन् to beg, to ask
तनादि (अष्टम) गण उभयपद
1.  ऋण्  to go    
2.  कृ    to do
3.  क्षण्  to kill, to hurt
4.  क्षिण् to kill, to injure
5.  घृण् to shine, to burn
6.  तन्  to stretch, to extend, to lengthen, to spread
7.  तृण् to eat grass
8.  सन् to give away, to
honour with gift
क्रयादि (नवम) गण – परस्मैपद
1.  अश्  to eat
2.  ॠ   to go, to move
3.  कॄ   to hurt, to kill
4.  गॄ   to sound
5.  ग्रन्थ् to
arrange, to class together, to connect in a regular series
6.  जॄ to grow
old
7.  ज्ञा to know,
to learn
8.  ज्या to grow
old
9.  दॄ to split
10. नॄ  to load
11. पुष्  to nourish
12. पॄ  to protect, to fill
13. बन्ध् to bind,
to tie
14. भॄ to blame,
to support
15. मन्थ् to churn
16. मुष् to steal,
to rob
17. ली to adhere,
to stick firmly, to embrace, to lie or rest on, to dwell in, to hide
क्रयादि (नवम) गण – आत्मनेपद
1 वृ  to select as a boon
.क्रयादि (नवम) गण – उभयपद
1.  कॄ to hurt,
to kill
2.  क्री to buy, to
purchase
3.  ग्रह्  to take, to receive, to accept
4.  धू to shake,
to tremble
5.  पू to purify
6.  प्री to please,
to shine
7.  मी to kill,
to destroy
8.  यु to hurt,
to transgress, to bind, to join
9.  लू to cut, to
pluck, to gather flowers
10. सि to tie, to
bind
11. स्तृ to cover,
to clothe
चुरादि (दशम्) गण उभयपद
1.  अंश्  to divide
2.  कथ्  to tell, to narrate
3.  कॄत्(कीर्त्) to name,
to glorify
4.  क्षल् (क्षाल्) to wash,
cleanse
5.  गण् to count,
to enumerate
6.  गवेष् to seek,
to hunt for
7.  घुष् (घोष्)
(generally with उद्) to make sound
8.  चिन्त् to think,
to consider
9.  चुर्(चोर्) to steal,
to rob
10. चूर्ण् to crush,
to contract, to reduce, to powder
11. छद् (छाद्) to cover
12. छल् to
deceive, to cheat, to delude, to outwit
13. तड् (ताड्) to beat,
to strike
14. तर्क्  to guess, to suppose
15. तर्ज् to blame
16. तुल् (तोल्) to weigh,
to weigh (compare) in mind
17. दण्ड् to punish,
to fine
18. धू (धून्) to shake,
to cause to move o tremble
19. धृ (धार्)to hold,
to bear, to carry, to support
20. पार् to
accomplish, to finish
21. पीड् to press,
to hurt, to pain
22. पूज् to worship
23. पूर् to fill,
to satisfy
24. प्रथ् to become
famous, to increase, to spread
25. प्री (प्रीण्)  to please
26. भू (भाव्) to be
purified, to consider, to mix, to mingle
27. भूष् to adorn,
to decorate
28. मड् (मण्ड्) to adorn,
to be glad
29. मार्ग् to seek
for, to go, to trace out
30. मुच् (मोच्)  to set free, to delight
31. मृष्(मर्ष्)  to endure, to bear, to suffer
32. युज्(योज्) to unite,
to join
33. रच् to
arrange, to make, to write, to adorn
34. रूप्(generally
with नि) to view, to form, to perform, to gesticulate, to
ascertain, to perceive, to state
35. लक्ष् to see, to
mark, to notice, to define
36. लोक्/लोच् to speak,
to behold, to perceive, to shine
37. वर् to get, to
ask for, to seek
38. वर्ण् to colour,
to describe, to relate, to grind
39. वीज् to fan
40. वृज्(वर्ज्)to abandon
41. सान्त्व् to
appease, to comfort, to console, to soothe, to compromise
42. सूच् to point
out, to indicate, to show. to reveal, to betray
43. स्पृह् to wish
44. स्वाद् (generally
with आ) to taste
                         Summary
                           परस्मैपदी  आत्मनेपदी    उभयपदी    Total
१.     भ्वादि                  70         59   
     20    
149                       
          
२.     अदादि                 28     13         7    
48      
३.     जुहोत्यादि              13            2           6      21
४.     दिवादि                 46          32           7      85
५.     स्वादि                  14           2           9      25
६.     तुदादि                  20           5          13      38
७.     रुधादि                  11           3           9      23   
८.     तनादि                   0          
2           8      10 
९.     क्रयादो                  17           1          11      29    
१०.  चुरादि                    0          
0          44      44 
                     219        119     
134    472
                      
=============================    

FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT LESSON – 5

Posted , updated on

                                                
FAMILIARISE  YOURSELF   WITH  SANSKRIT
                                                                       LESSON – 5
 In this lesson we shall familiarise
ourselves with the roots of verbs which are classified into ten groups  (called गण) depending upon
the way they are conjugated in the different tenses and moods. Within each
group certain roots are only  परस्मै पद (indicatng that
the result of the action is on others, 
not on the doer).  some roots are
only आत्मने पद (indicating the result of the action
accrues to the doer).  Yet other roots
can be both परस्मै पद and आत्मने पद.  Annexure to this lesson gives the complete
list of roots in all the 10 ganas.
Here are some words in भ्वादि (प्रथम) गणः (परस्मै पद)  with their present tense forms:
                                  
Singular   dual    plural
अट्    to roam, to wander  3rd person     अटति     
अटतः    अटन्ति
                           2nd
person     अटसि     
अटथः     अटथ
                           1st
person     अटामि      अटावः    अटामः
अर्च्  to worship, to
adore        अर्चति      अर्चतः    अर्चन्ति                                        
                                  अर्चसि     अर्चथः    अर्चथ
                                 अर्चामि     अर्चावः   अर्चामः 
 
अर्ज्  to procure, to
earn      अर्जति     अर्जतः   अर्जन्ति etc
अर्ह्  to deserve, to
worship    अर्हति      अर्हतः   अर्हन्ति etc
काङ्क्ष्  to wish, to
desire      काङ्क्षति   काङ्क्षतः  काङ्क्षन्ति etc      
कृष् (कर्ष्)  to
plough           कर्षति     कर्षतः   कर्षन्ति  etc
क्रद् (क्रन्द्) to call, to weep     क्रन्दति    क्रन्दतः   क्रन्दन्ति etc
क्रीड्  to play, to
amuse oneself  क्रीडति    क्रीडतः   क्रीडन्ति  etc
क्रुश् (क्रोश्) to call, to
cry,
 to lament                      क्रोशति    क्रोशतः  क्रोशन्ति 
etc             
क्षि(क्षय्)  to decay               क्षयति    क्षयतः   क्षयन्ति  etc 
खाद्     to eat                  खादति    खादतः   खादन्ति etc
गद्      to speak               गदति     गदतः    गदन्ति  etc
गम् (गच्छ्)  to go               गच्छति    गच्छतः   गच्छन्ति etc       
Exercise 1: Write the present tense forms
of roots of verbs belonging to 
भ्वादिगण (परस्मैपद ) vide Annexure to this lesson.
Exercise 2: 
Write sentences using the above verbs in the present tense ( in the
first, second and third persons and singular, dual and plural forms)
Example छात्रः विद्यालयं गच्छति
         छात्रौ विद्यालयं गच्छतः
         छात्राः विद्यालयं गच्छन्ति
       त्वं विद्यालयं गच्छसि
       युवां विद्यालयं गच्छथः
       यूयं  विद्यालयं गच्छथ
      अहं विद्यालयं गच्छामि
      आवां विद्यालयं गच्छावः
      वयं विद्यालयं गच्छामः
                                                         
——————-

FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT LESSON – 4

Posted , updated on

                                               FAMILIARISE
 YOURSELF  WITH SANSKRIT
                                                                       LESSON – 4
Here are
some examples of the use of the seven vibhaktis:
प्रथमा विभक्तिः (nominative case,
subject)   
रामः गृहं गच्छति    Rama goes home
सः पुस्तकं पठति 
  He  reads a book     
सा उद्याने खेलति 
  She plays in the park 
                                       
In the
above examples the underlined words are in the nominative case.
द्वितीया विभक्तिः (accusative case,
direct object)   
अहं विद्यालयं गच्छामि   I go to school
त्वं पुस्तकं पठसि       you read a book 
सः रामं नमति         He prostrates before Rama
सा गृहं गच्छति        She goes home
In the
above examples the underlined words are in the accusative case.
तृतीया विभक्तिः (instrumental
case)   
सः वामहस्तेन लिखति   
He writes with his left hand
अहं कर्णाभ्यां श्रुणोमि      I hear with my ears
अहं नेत्राभ्यां पश्यामि     I see with my eyes
त्वं रामेण सह खेलसि    
you play with Rama
अहं पादाभ्यां चलामि      I walk with my legs
In the above examples the underlined words are in the instrumental
case. 
वमहस्तेन and रामेण are singular while 
कर्णाभ्यां, नेत्राभ्यां and पादाब्यां are dual
since, ears, eyes and legs are in pairs.
चतुर्थी विभक्तिः (dative case)
रामायः नमः   Prostration to Rama
सः दरिद्राय  धनं यच्छति   He gives money to the poor
अहं भिक्षुकाय अन्नं ददामि  I give cooked
rice to the beggar
त्वं  रामाय फलं ददासि     You give
fruit to Rama
रामः तृषिताय जलं यच्छति   Rama gives
water to the thirsty
In the above examples the underlined words are in the
dative case. Note that in the third sentence फलं  is the direct object (द्वितीया विभक्तिः) and रामाय is the indirect
object (चतुर्थी विभक्ति:).  नमः and दा धातु (ददाति etc) always take चतुर्थी विभक्तिः with them.
पञ्चमी विभक्तिः ( Ablative case)
अहं गृहात् आगच्छामि               
I come from home
छात्रः विद्यालयात् आगच्छति)           The student
comes from school
सर्पात् भयं भवति                    there is fear from snake
वृक्षात् फलं पतति                    fruit falls from the tree
मेघात् वर्षा भवति                    it  rains from the cloud 
In the above examples the underlined words are in the
ablative case.  
षष्ठी विभक्तिः (possessive case)
             
रामस्य  भार्या सीता            Sita
is Rama’s wife                  
कृष्ण्स्य वर्णः श्यामः            Krishna’s complexion
is dark
अस्माकं विद्यालयस्य नाम        The name of our school is
     ’सान्दीपनी विद्यालयः’       ‘Sandipani Vidyalaya’
अस्य बालकस्य वयः पञ्च वर्षाणि  The age of this
boy is five years
युवयोः विद्यालयः कुत्र अस्ति?      Where is your (plural) school?  
In the above examples the underlined words are in the
possessive case.
सप्तमी विभक्तिः  (Locative case)
अहं गृहे वसामि                    I live in the
house
अहं छात्रावासे न वसामि             I
do not live in the student hostel  
सः भोजनालये खादति              
He eats in the hotel
सा कार्यालये न खादति             
She does not eat in the office.
चन्द्रः आकाशे प्रकाशति             
The moon shines in the sky
In the above examples the underlined words are in the
locative case.
संबोधने प्रथमा विभक्तिः
हे राम!   अरे मित्र !  हे सीते !  etc.    

FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT LESSON 3

Posted , updated on

                                               FAMILIARISE
 YOURSELF  WITH SANSKRIT
                                                                       LESSON – 4
Here are
some examples of the use of the seven vibhaktis:
प्रथमा विभक्तिः (nominative case,
subject)   
रामः गृहं गच्छति    Rama goes home
सः पुस्तकं पठति 
  He  reads a book     
सा उद्याने खेलति 
  She plays in the park 
                                       
In the
above examples the underlined words are in the nominative case.
द्वितीया विभक्तिः (accusative case,
direct object)   
अहं विद्यालयं गच्छामि   I go to school
त्वं पुस्तकं पठसि       you read a book 
सः रामं नमति         He prostrates before Rama
सा गृहं गच्छति        She goes home
In the
above examples the underlined words are in the accusative case.
तृतीया विभक्तिः (instrumental
case)   
सः वामहस्तेन लिखति   
He writes with his left hand
सा कर्णाभ्यां श्रुणोमि      I hear with my ears
अहं नेत्राभ्यां पश्यामि     I see with my eyes
त्वं रामेण सह खेलसि    
you play with Rama
अहं पादाभ्यां चलामि      I walk with my legs
In the above examples the underlined words are in the instrumental
case. 
वमहस्तेन and रामेण are singular while 
कर्णाभ्यां, नेत्राभ्यां and पादाब्यां are dual
since, ears, eyes and legs are in pairs.
चतुर्थी विभक्तिः (dative case)
रामायः नमः   Prostration to Rama
सः दरिद्राय  धनं यच्छति   He gives money to the poor
अहं भिक्षुकाय अन्नं ददामि  I give cooked
rice to the beggar
त्वं  रामाय फलं ददासि     You give
fruit to Rama
रामः तृषिताय जलं यच्छति   Rama gives
water to the thirsty
In the above examples the underlined words are in the
dative case. Note that in the third sentence फलं  is the direct object (द्वितीया विभक्तिः) and रामाय is the indirect
object (चतुर्थी विभक्ति:).  नमः and दा धातु (ददाति etc) always take चतुर्थी विभक्तिः with them.
पञ्चमी विभक्तिः ( Ablative case)
अहं गृहात् आगच्छामि               
I come from home
छात्रः विद्यालयात् आगच्छति)           The student
comes from school
सर्पात् भयं भवति                    there is fear from snake
वृक्षात् फलं पतति                    fruit falls from the tree
मेघात् वर्षा भवति                    it  rains from the cloud 
In the above examples the underlined words are in the
ablative case.  
षष्ठी विभक्तिः (possessive case)
             
रामस्य  भार्या सीता            Sita
is Rama’s wife                  
कृष्ण्स्य वर्णः श्यामः            Krishna’s complexion
is dark
अस्माकं विद्यालयस्य नाम        The name of our school is
     ’सान्दीपनी विद्यालयः’       ‘Sandipani Vidyalaya’
अस्य बालकस्य वयः पञ्च वर्षाणि  The age of this
boy is five years
युवयोः विद्यालयः कुत्र अस्ति?      Where is your (plural) school?  
In the above examples the underlined words are in the
possessive case.
सप्तमी विभक्तिः  (Locative case)
अहं गृहे वसामि                    I live in the
house
अहं छात्रावासे न वसामि             I
do not live in the student hostel  
सः भोजनालये खादति              
He eats in the hotel
सा कार्यालये न खादति             
She does not eat in the office.
चन्द्रः आकाशे प्रकाशति             
The moon shines in the sky
In the above examples the underlined words are in the
locative case.
संबोधने प्रथमा विभक्तिः
हे राम!   अरे मित्र !  हे सीते !  etc.    

FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT Annexure to Lesson -2

Posted , updated on

                                      FAMILIARISE
YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT
                       Annexure to Lesson -2
अकारान्तपुल्लिङ्गशब्दाः                      

(Words of masculine gender ending in
‘अ’ in nominative case, singular )
अवतारः    incarnation अङ्कः  mark, lap 
अक्षः   dice, axle of wheel  अंशः  portionअङ्कुरः /रम्    sprout (noun) अङ्गारः /रम्     ember अङ्गुलः /लम्      inch 
अङ्गुष्ठः    thumb अजः  lamb, birthless  अजगरः  python अज्ञः  ignorant person अट्टहासः  boisterous laugh  अण्डः /ड्म्  
egg  अतिशयः    wonder अधरः  lower lip अधिकारः    authority, right अधिपः   owner अध्यापकः  teacher अध्यायः chapter अनन्तः   without end,
infinite अनलः   fire  अनादरः    disrespect अनामयः /यम्   health  (without illness) अनिलः 
air अनुग्रहः       
blessing  अनुचरः follower  अनुजः   younger
brother  अनुतापः  sympathy अनुच्छेदः  paragraph  अनुभवः  experience 
अनुरागः  love अनुरोधः request अनुवादः  translation अनुस्वारः  nasal sound अन्तः  end, interior 
अन्तरायः  impediment, obstruction  अन्यायः unfairness
अन्वेषकः  investigator  अन्धः   blind person
अन्धकारः       darkness अपकार: 
opposite of उपकारः  अपमानः  ignominy अपराधः    misconduct, guilt  अपराह्नः    afternoon  अभावः  absence   अभिनयः   acting 
अभिप्रायः   opinion अभिमानः   pride अभिलाषः  desire  अभ्यासः practice  अमात्यः  minister  अरुणः    red colour  अर्कः   sun अर्चकः  priest in a temple अर्भकः  small boy अलङ्कारः    ornament 
अलसः  idle person  अवकाशः  opportunity,
spare time अवसादः  tiredness  अवधूतः  sanyasi  अवयवः   limb अवरोधः  obstruction अवरोहः descent अवशेषः   left over, balance अवसरः      occasion
अश्वः  horse अश्वत्थः  banian tree असुरः demon अहंकारः   ego अग्रजः elder brother अध्यक्षः  one who supervises अध्यवसायः  effort, endeavour आनन्दः  happiness, bliss आकाशः /शम्   sky आदेशः  order, command   आवासः   residence 
आधारः  support  आयासः effort  आर्यः  nobleman आचार्य:    teacher आलयः /यम्     place of worship आश्रमः /मम्   hermitage आश्रयः   refuge आश्लेषः  embrace 
आहारः  food  आहवः  battle आस्वादः taste आकारः form आक्षेपः  
objection  आगन्तुकः    guest, outsider आग्रहः  request 
आचारः  conduct  आघातः  accident,
collision आदरः  respect आदर्शः  ideal, mirror आदित्यः  sun आपणः shop आपणिकः  shopkeeper आमयः  illness आम्रः  mango  आयः  income आयामः  dimension आयुधः /धम्    weapon
 आरंभः commencement आरोहः  ascent आलोकः  light, brightness आशयः  idea, thought 
आस्फोटः  explosion आह्लादः  joy आतपः    heat इन्द्रः  Chief of the devas इन्द्रगोपः  an insect उरगः snake,
serpent  उपग्रहः          satellite उष्ट्रः  camel  उपायः   trick, ruse उपवासः  fasting उपहासः  mocking उत्साहः   enthusiasm, eagerness उत्सवः   festival उच्चन्यायालयः   High Court उपकारः   help उपभोगः  enjoyment उपहारः  gift, present उपचारः  hospitality ऊर्णनाभः  spider 
ऐरावतः celestial elephant  (Indra’s) ऐन्द्रजालिकः  magician ओष्ठः  upper lip ओङ्कारः  the syllable OM औषधालयः chemist shop  कणः atom  कफः  phlem करः hand  काकः  crow  काचः glass  कालः  Time, Yama किरणः  ray कृषकः  farmer कपोलः     cheek कपोतः dove कन्धरः  neck  कुक्कुरः   dog  कुठारः  axe कण्ठः  neck  केशः  hair  कुटीरः hut कुमारः  young boy कण्टकः /कम्      thorn 
कङ्कणः /णम्     bangle  कक्षः  class,
quandrangle कीटः  insect  कूपः  well  कल्लोलः   waves कुम्भः     pot  कुक्कुटः    cock
कोकिलः (पिकः)  
cuckoo  कूष्माण्डः  white pumpkin क्लेशः  difficulty 
कुशः            type of grass  कार्यालयः work place  कोपः anger  कोषः   Treasury कलहः           quarrel क्रोधः  anger कारागारः  jail कच्छपः tortoise कूर्मः tortoise कर्कटः  crab कालकूटः  posion कर्दमः loose soil  क्षयः  decline  क्षुरः  razor  क्षत्रियः one belonging to the warrior class क्षोभः   agitation क्षेपः throwing  क्षेपकः one who throws खगः   bird खर्जूरः  date palm 
खेदः sorrow खड्गः sword खुरः  hoof  खण्डः /ण्डम्   piece 
ग्रहः   planet  गोवत्सः  calf of a cow गर्दभः  donkey गरुडः  kite गृध्रः   vulture गजः  elephant 
गन्धः   smell ग्रन्थः  book गुप्तचरः  spy  गर्वः   pride  गर्भः  pregnancy  ग्रामः village  ग्रीष्मः  summer गायकः singer  घासः   grass  घटः    pot  घर्मः  heat चन्द्रः moon  चिकित्सकः  doctor चालकः  driver चन्दनः  sandalwood 
चषकः /कम्  glass (vessel) चरणः /णम् foot चौरः, चोरः    thief छात्रावासः  students’ hostel छलः /लम्  deceit जपः chanting जनः  people जम्बुकः  jackal 
जीवः   living being  जयः  victory ज्वरः fever तरुणः  young man 
तनयः   son तालः  palm tree 
तरङ्गः  wave तापः heat तस्करः  thief  तिरस्कारः       rebuff, repudiation  तल्पः /पम्  bed  तलः /लम्  surface, bottom तटः bank (of river etc) तडागः  lake  तण्डुलः rice (grains) त्रासः  fear देहः   body  दन्तः tooth दाडिमः          pomegranate दर्पणः  mirror दर्पः  arrogance 
दूतः messenger  दण्डः /ण्डम्  staff (as in flag staff), punishment दासः   servant 
देशः country देवदूतः  God’s
messenger दोषः  fault  दानवः   demon दुष्टः evil person  दुर्जनः  evil person  दरिद्रः poor दीनः            
miserable (person) दम्भः hypocrisy दाहः  thirst दंशः  bite (of snake etc) दीपस्तंभः         lighthouse देवरः husband’s brother  दीपः light  द्वीपः /पम्  island धर्मः    righteousness
धनिकः   rich person  धूर्तः rogue  धीवरः fisherman धूमः smoke  धूसरः  grey नियामकः  controller नागः  serpent 
नारिकेलः  coconut
नखः /खम्  nail   न्यायः   justice 
न्यायालयः  court of
justice नृपः  king  नाशः  destruction  नापितः  barber  नीलः    blue  नियमः law, system  निवासः  residence निर्धनः   poor  
न्यायाधीशः   judge  नाविकः  sailor निर्झरः  stream नर्तकः 
dancer निबन्धः  essay नीडः /डम् nest  पालकः  protector  पूजकः  worshipper  पाठकः  reader (one
who reads) पुरुषः  male   पुच्छः / च्छम्  tail  पवनः air, breeze  पर्वतः mountain  पक्षः wing, fortnight  पेचकः (उलूकः) 
owl  पतङ्गः  moth, butterfly पितामहः father’s father पुरोहितः  priest  पुस्तकालयः  library  परिवारः  family परिचयः  acquaintance पाषाणः  stone  पार्श्वः /श्वम्  side  पावकः fire  पामरः  unread,
ignorant प्रणयः   love  प्रत्यूषः  early morning प्रवाहः current, flow (of water) पराजयः  defeat पुष्पवाटः  flower garden  प्रबन्धः  essay, thesis  प्रकाशः  light प्रयत्नः  effort प्रयासः  endeavour प्रदेशः territory पुरस्कारः reward  प्रसङ्गः context प्रदीपः lamp प्रकोष्ठः room प्रलयः dissolution  प्रपातः waterfall प्रतारकः tormentor  प्रवञ्चकः           dseceiver पाटलः  red  पतङ्गः bird, butterfly  पातकः /कम् sin  पथिकः
wayfarer  पोतः   boats पारावतः  dove  प्रासादः mansion  प्रदीपः lamp  प्रस्तावः proposition प्रातराशः  breakfast परिहासः ridicule  पराभवः defeat, failure  फणः  hood (of
serpent) बालकः  boy  बलीवर्दः bull बिडालः cat  बान्धवः friend, relative  बोधः knowledge बहिष्कारः exile  बुद्‍बुदः  bubble ब्राह्मणः brahmin भिक्षुकः beggar  भृङ्गः honey bee भ्रमरः  honey bee भेकः  frog भुजः arm भागिनेयः sister’s son भोगः enjoyment  भेदः difference भारः 
load  भूतः past, element, spirit 
भुजङ्गः snake मानवः 
human being मनुष्यः  human being 
मेघः  cloud मासः month मेषः  goat मेषपालः  goat-keeper महिषः he buffalow  मयूरः  peacock मत्स्यः  fish  मृगः
animal, deer मधुपः  bee मत्कुणः  bug मशकः mosquito मणिबन्धः  wrist मातामहः mother’s father  मुक्ताहारः  necklace of pearls मुहूर्तः auspicious hour मन्त्रः mantra  मूढः  ignorant person, fool मूर्खः one with half-baked knowledge मल्लः wrestler  मालाकारः  garland maker मध्याह्नः midday मुद्रणालयः
printing press मत्तः  intoxicated person महाशयः 
magnanimous person मनस्तापः mental
stress मोहः illusion मार्गः 
way, path मठः residence
of a religious head मकरः
crocodile  मर्कटः monkey महाग्रीवः
giraffe  मातुलः mother’s brother यजमानः 
One who officiates at religious ceremonies  याचकः one
who begs यज्ञः  vedic sacrifice यागः vedic sacrifice राक्षसः  demon रसः sense of enjoyment रङ्गः  
stage रथः
chariot  रवः sound रजकः
washerman रुग्णः  wounded (person) रोषः  anger रोगः disease रक्तः  red, blood रक्षकः 
protector राजहंसः King
swan राजकुमारः prince  लवङ्गः  cardamom लोभः  greed लोकः 
people लोपः shortage, deficiency लेखः essay लोमशः woolly लेशः little
वत्सः  callf, word of
endearment for children  वारः 
week  वृषः  bull, dharma
वृषभः  bullock 
व्याघ्रः  tiger वृश्चिकः  scorpion वृकः  
wolf  वानरः  monkey वराहः 
boar वटः banyan
tree वंशः  bamboo, posterity वरः 
bridegroom वसन्तः  spring season 
वातः  air  वेगः speed 
वेषः  disguise 
वर्षोपलः  hailstone वल्मीकः /कम्  anthill वेदः Veda विज्ञः wise
person  वैद्यः doctor  वासः 
residence  विलम्बः  delay विवाहः  marriage  विकल्पः  imagination, fancy व्यायामः exercise  विरोधः  opposition 
वाचनालयः
reading room वस्त्रालयः  clothes
Room  वाचालः eloquent वामनः 
dwarf विकारः
emotion विरामः full
stop, rest विरागः  unattachment 
विवादः controversy,
debate वियोगः separation वाक्कीलः               vakil  वर्णः  colour वर्गः  category  विमर्शः  criticism 
विवेकः discrimination विषादः                sorrow विशेषः special occasion विषयः subject, sense
object  व्यवहारः transaction विश्वासः faith शूकरः boar  शशकः  hare शुकः  parrot श्रुतलेखः  dictation शौचालयः            
toilet शोकः sorrow
शरः arrow शलभः  moth,
butterfly  श्वशुरः  father-in-law श्यालः  
wife’s brother  शब्दः 
sound  शिष्यः 
disciple श्लोकः   verse शिष्टः  good
person  शपथः  vow शापः  
curse  श्वासः 
breath  शृङ्गारः  eroticism शृगालः  jackal शावकः young one of an animal शैलः mountain षण्डः 
collection सुरः  inhabitant of heaven सप्ताहः week सूर्योदयः sunrise  सूर्यास्तः sunset
सूर्यातपः  heat of the sun स्वर्गः heaven स्वप्नः dream स्वापः 
sleep  स्वरः vowel   सिंहः   lion सर्पः serpent स्कन्धः trunk (of tree etc) संतानः children  सहोदरः 
brother समुद्रः ocean सरोवरः lake 
सेवकः servant सायकः  arrow समयः               
time  सैनिकः soldier 

FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT- LESSON 2

Posted , updated on

                                                 FAMILIARISE YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT
                                                                          LESSON – 2
The present tense 
forms of root अस् (to
be) are :
                 
Singular      dual     plural     
     3rd
person     अस्ति        स्तः     
सन्ति 
     2nd
person     असि         स्थः     
स्थ
     1st
person     अस्मि        स्वः     
स्मः
Examples :
अहं कः अस्मि ?  Who am I?
त्वं छात्रः असि  
You are a student.
त्वं कः असि ?  Who are you? 
अहं शिक्षकः अस्मि  
I am a teacher
सः कः अस्ति?  Who is he?
सः सेवकः अस्ति 
He is a servant.
Most of the time, 
the above sentences are written omitting the verb which is understood :
 त्वं छात्रः असि  
->    त्वं छात्रः   
(असि is
understood)
 अहं शिक्षकः अस्मि  
-> अहं शिक्षकः  (अस्मि is understood)
 सः सेवकः अस्ति  
-> सः सेवकः 
(अस्ति is
understood) 
In practice,  the words are joined as under when the verb is
supplied:
त्वं छात्रः असि   
-> त्वं छात्रोऽसि  (छात्रः + असि = छात्रोऽसि)
अहं शिक्षकः अस्मि 
->  अहं शिक्षकोऽस्मि (शिक्षकः + अस्मि = शिक्षकोऽस्मि)
सः सेवकः अस्ति -> सः सेवकोऽस्ति (सेवकः + अस्ति = सेवकोऽस्ति)
Some more pronouns:
    3rd person      Singular      dual    
plural     
                      अयं         इमौ       इमे 
=  this ( masculine) 
                       इयं         इमे       इमाः = 
this (feminine)
                       इदं         इमे       इमानि = 
this (neuter)    
                       एषः        एतौ       एते 
=   this ( masculine)         
                       एषा        एते        एताः =  this (feminine)
                      एतत्        एते       एतानि  =  this
(neuter)    
अयं बालकः  = This is a
boy    (‘अस्ति’  is
understood)
इयं बालिका  = this is
a  girl   
(‘अस्ति’  is understood )
इदं छत्रं = this is an umbrella   (‘अस्ति’  is understood
)
इमौ बालकौ These two are boys 
(स्तः is
understood)
इमे बालिके These two are girls   
(स्तः is
understood)
इमे छत्रे  These two are
umbrellas (स्तः is
understood)
इमे बालकाः  these are
boys  (सन्ति is understood)
इमाः बालिकाः  these are
girls  (सन्ति is understood)
इमानि छत्राणि  these are umbrellas (सन्ति is understood)
एषः मम वामः ह्स्तः 
this is my left hand
एषः मम दक्षिणः हस्तः 
this is my right hand
एतौ मम हस्तौ  These are my two hands
Case
endings for masculine nouns ending with ‘ अ’ – देव शब्दः  
Nominative  (subject)                   देवः       देवौ      
देवाः
Accusative  (direct object)           देवं        देवौ      
देवान्
Instrumental                                  देवेन      
देवाभ्याम्   देवैः
Dative (indirect
object)                देवाय     
देवाभ्याम्   देवेभ्यः
Ablative                   देवात्     
देवाभ्याम्   देवेभ्यः  
Possessive                                       देवस्य     
देवयोः     देवानाम्
Locative                                            देवे         देवयोः     देवेषु   
Vocative                   देव       देवौ        देवाः 
Case
endings for masculine nouns ending with ‘ अ’ – राम शब्दः  
Nominative  (subject)                   रामः      रामौ          रामाः
Accusative  (direct object)           रामं       रामौ          रामान्
Instrumental                                  रामेण    
रामाभ्याम्      रामैः
Dative (indirect
object)                रामाय    
रामाभ्याम्      रामेभ्यः
Ablative                   रामात्    
रामाभ्यांम्      रामेभ्यः   
Possessive                                       रामस्य    
रामयोः       रामाणाम्
Locative                                            रामे        रामयोः       रामेषु
Vocative                   राम      
रामौ         रामाः
रामो राजमणिः सदा विजयते रामं रमेशं भजे
रामेणाभिहता निशाचरचमू  रामाय तस्मै नम:।
रामात् नास्ति परायणं परतरं रामस्य दासोऽस्म्यहम्
रामे चित्तलयः सदा भवतु मे भो राम मामुद्धर ॥
All case endings for ‘राम’ शब्द (singular) are in the above
sloka.  Commit this to memory for easy
recall.
रामः राजमणिः सदा विजयते – Rama, the jewel among  kings, is ever victorious
रामं रमेशं भजे – (I)
worship Rama,  consort of Lakshmi  (I is understood)
रामेण अभिहताः निशाचरचमू   By Rama were killed the armies of
rakshasas
रामाय तस्मै  नमः – For that Rama are my prostrations
रामात् नास्ति परायणं परतरं – there is none greater than Rama
in whom one can take
refuge.
रामस्य दासः अस्मि अहम् 
–  I am the servant of Rama
रामे चित्तलयः सदा भवतु मे –  Let my mind
always dwell in Rama
भो राम मामुद्धर  – O Rama! lift
me up from this (samsara etc)
All words of masculine gender ending with ‘अ’  will have
their case endings similar to the ‘राम’ शब्द given
above.  Annexure I gives a detailed list
of these words.
Note the ण and णां 
instrumental singular and possesssive plural.   This will be न  and नां respectively in शिवः , कृष्णः  etc  (शिवेन, शिवानां;  कृष्णेन, कृष्णानां) and many other
words.  नरः  will be नरेण 
and नराणां as in
the case of ’राम’ .
‘न’  becomes ‘ण’   in the
following cases:
In single words (समानपद)  when preceded by ‘र्’ 
or ‘ष्’   as  in
नृणाम् , पितॄणाम् ,
भ्रातॄणाम् . चतुर्णाम् , पुष्णाति, मुष्णाति etc.
When in  समानपद 
‘र्’ ओर् ’ष्’   is preceded
by any of the following letters:
Any vowel, ह्, य्, व्, र्, क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्, प्, फ्, ब्, भ्, म्, anuswara or upasarga
as in the following examples:
करणम् , हरणम् , तरणम् , मरणम् , कराणाम्, नराणाम् , कुमाराणाम् , हरिणा, 
ऋषिणा, हरीणाम्, ऋषीणाम् ,  प्रभुणा, गुरुणा, नरेण, करेण, कुमारेण, उत्तरायणम्, अग्रणी, ग्रामणी, इक्षुवण्म्, आम्रवणम्, पूर्वाह्णः, अप्राह्णः etc.    
Exercise :  Given in the annexure
are words of masculine gender ending with ‘अः’
in nominative case, singular.  
Write out as many words as possible in the eight vibhaktis, in singular,
dual and plural forms as per the ’राम’ शब्द given above   

                                                 

FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT: LESSON 1

Posted , updated on

FAMILIARIZE  YOURSELF  WITH SANSKRIT
                                                              LESSON
-1
The idea behind these lessons is to make the reader
familiar with sanskrit in terms of vocabulary, the different forms nouns,
pronouns and adjectives take conforming to the rules of grammar in respect of
             person (1st, 2nd and 3rd
persons)
             number (singular, dual and plural)
             gender (masculine, feminine and neuter)
and the
conjugation of verbs from a vast store house of roots from which verbs are
formed in the various tenses (present, past, future) and moods (commands,
wishes, blessings etc.) in addition to infinitives, causative and other
forms.   
The lessons may
not enable the reader deveop facility in speaking and writing in sanskrit but,
it is hoped, will enable him to understand and enjoy the vast treasure of
writings in Sanskrit at a reasonable level. For this purpose it is not
necessary that one should be able to reproduce from memory the multiplicity of
forms  nouns, pronouns, adjectives and
roots of verbs take, but to recognise the various forms when one sees them in
print.  Coupled with a reasonably good
vocabulary it should be possible to read and understand many texts in Sanskrit
without the help of translations.  Most
of the modern Indian languages have generously drawn words from Sanskrit,  either in their original form or with minor
modifications, especialy in serious works of literature in those languages
(Tamil is an exception in this regard).  Therefore such words will be recognised by
those who have ordinary proficiency in one of those languages.  With the help of a dictionary of Sanskrit
words one can improve one’s vocabulary. 
Reading through these lessons a few times, it is hoped, will familiarise
the reader with the peculiarities of the language which he will be able to
recognise when he sees them used in literary and other works in Sanskrit.
Familiarity with the 
Devanagari script  and high school
level knowledge of English are assumed in the following  lessons. Knowledge of any of the languages of
India which generously use words from Sanskrit will be helpful as indicated
above.    
                                       प्रार्थना (prayer)
                    दिक्कालाद्यनवच्छिन्नानन्तचिन्मात्रमूर्तये  ।
         स्वानुभूत्यैकलभ्याय नमः शान्ताय तेजसे ॥
Prostrations to that supremely calm effulgence which
is beyond the limitations of time and space, which is infinite, which is of the
form of pure consciousness and which can be attained only by one’s own deepest
experience.  
We  start the study with pronouns for the first,
second and third persons both singular
and plural. Sanskrit has an additional number, dual to indicate two of a
category.  The different  forms taken by these personal pronouns are
given below:
First Person   (both masculine 
& feminine)
Singular  
 अहं (अहम्)    I       
Dual       आवां (आवाम्)   We two
Plural 
    वयं (वयम् ) We
Second Person  (both masculine  & feminine)
Singular त्वं  (त्वम्)   
You
Dual   युवां (युवाम्)  
You two
Plural  यूयं (यूयम्)  
 You all
Note:
The forms given within brackets  ending with
‘म्’  are used generally at the end of a sentence
or when a vowel follows.
Third
Person (masculine)
Singular सः  He      
Dual    तौ 
They two              
Plural   ते     They
Third
Person (feminine)
Singular  सा    
She
Dual      ते      They
two
Plural    ताः
They  
Let  us now look at the roots of
some common verbs in sanskrit and see what form these verbs take in relation to
singular, dual and plural subjects in the present tense
Root  क्रीड्  to play 
Third person     क्रीडति      क्रीडतः      क्रीडन्ति            
                    Second person   क्रीडसि      क्रीडथः      क्रीडथ
                    First
person      क्रीडामि     क्रीडावः      क्रीडामः          
सः क्रीडति  He plays      
तौ क्रीडतः  They two play     ते क्रीडन्ति  They play 
सा क्रीडति  She plays     
ते क्रीडतः  They two play     ताः क्रीडन्ति They play 
त्वं क्रीडसि  You play      
युवां क्रीडथः You two play     यूयं 
क्रीडथ You
play            
अहं क्रीडामि I play          आवां क्रीडावः We two play    वयं क्रीडामः  We play      
Note
that the form of the verb does not change when the subject is of the feminine
gender as in Hindi and some other Indian languages.  
Some
more roots,  the present tense forms of
which are obtained in the same manner as given above, are listed below:
खाद्  
to eat          खादति   
खादतः   खादन्ति     etc.
हस्   
to laugh        हसति    
हसतः   हसन्ति     
etc.
चल्   
to walk         चलति   
चलतः   चलन्ति     
etc.
भ्रम्   
to wander      भ्रमति   
भ्रमतः   भ्रमन्ति      etc.
त्यज्  
to abandon     त्यजति  
त्यजतः  त्यजन्ति     etc.
A few
other roots are पच्  to cook, रक्ष् to protect,  वस् to
live, reside, भज्  to worship or serve, जल्प् to prattle, talk –  for these present tense forms are derived in
the same manner.
Exercise:
1. Write out the present tense forms in the third, second and first persons
singular, dual and plural  for the
following roots (as given above for the root क्रीड् 
to play )
निन्द् 
to blame, क्रन्द्  to cry, पत् 
to fall,  व्रज् 
to go, वह्  to carry कूज् to chirp,
चर् 
to go, to graze, पठ् to
read,  धाव् 
to run,
2.  Use 
the above verbs in present tense sentences with personal pronouns  as subjects- 
as given above for the verb क्रीडति etc.   
 
3. Make
sentences with the following nouns as subjects and verbs formed of any of the
roots given above.
1 बालक: 
boy, बालिका girl,  अध्यापकः
teacher, अध्यापिका female
teacher, विद्यार्थी
student, माता  mother 
पिता
father  गोपः cowherd छात्रः student