FAMILIARISE YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT
LESSON 11
In the earlier chapters we studied
about nouns, pronouns and adjectives which change form depending upon the (third,
second and first) number ( singuler,
dual and plural) and case(nominative,
accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, possessive , locative and vocative).We
alo studied about roots of verbs which change form according to person (third,
second and first) tense (present ,
future and past) and mood (
imperative, conditional and potential).
about nouns, pronouns and adjectives which change form depending upon the (third,
second and first) number ( singuler,
dual and plural) and case(nominative,
accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, possessive , locative and vocative).We
alo studied about roots of verbs which change form according to person (third,
second and first) tense (present ,
future and past) and mood (
imperative, conditional and potential).
In this chapter we shall take a look at that category of words which
remain unchanged in all cicrumstances. In general these correspond to what in
English grammar can be referred to as (1) conjunctions (2) interjections (3)
prepositions (4) particles and (5) adverbes
remain unchanged in all cicrumstances. In general these correspond to what in
English grammar can be referred to as (1) conjunctions (2) interjections (3)
prepositions (4) particles and (5) adverbes
Conjunctions:
अथ (then, afterwards) उत (or) च ( and) किञ्च (moreover,
further) वा (or) अथवा (or) तु (but) किन्तु (but, yet) किंवा ( or) चेत् ( if) यदि ( if) नोचेत् (if not) हि (because, indeed) तत् (
therefore) तेन (by that, on that account) किन्नु (what, indeed) किमुत (how much, more) किंस्वित् (whether, how) अङ्ग (yes) अथकिम् (yes) आम् ( yes) अद्धा
( truly, certainly) यावत्
………तावत् (till ……then) यदा ……तदा (when ….. then) अथ and इति are used to mark
the beginning and the close of a work
respectively.
further) वा (or) अथवा (or) तु (but) किन्तु (but, yet) किंवा ( or) चेत् ( if) यदि ( if) नोचेत् (if not) हि (because, indeed) तत् (
therefore) तेन (by that, on that account) किन्नु (what, indeed) किमुत (how much, more) किंस्वित् (whether, how) अङ्ग (yes) अथकिम् (yes) आम् ( yes) अद्धा
( truly, certainly) यावत्
………तावत् (till ……then) यदा ……तदा (when ….. then) अथ and इति are used to mark
the beginning and the close of a work
respectively.
Interjections:
These
are sudden exclamations prompted by feelings of wonder, grief, comtempt, anger
etc
are sudden exclamations prompted by feelings of wonder, grief, comtempt, anger
etc
आ,
इ, उ, ए, ओ, अह, अह्ह्, अहो, बत, हा, हाहा etc. are expressive of wonder, grief or regret etc.
इ, उ, ए, ओ, अह, अह्ह्, अहो, बत, हा, हाहा etc. are expressive of wonder, grief or regret etc.
किम्,
धिक् etc express contempt
धिक् etc express contempt
हा,
बत etc. express sorrow, dejection etc
बत etc. express sorrow, dejection etc
आ,
हम्, हुम् express anger, contempt etc
हम्, हुम् express anger, contempt etc
There
are some interjections used to call attention:
are some interjections used to call attention:
अङ्ग,
अये, अहो, अहो बत,
उ, ए, ओ, भोः, हंहो, हे, है, हो etc. show respect
अये, अहो, अहो बत,
उ, ए, ओ, भोः, हंहो, हे, है, हो etc. show respect
अरे,
अबे, रे, रेरे, अरेरे show comtempt
अबे, रे, रेरे, अरेरे show comtempt
श्रौषट्,
वौषट्, वषट्, स्वाहा,
स्वधा these are
used while offering oblations to the gods or manes
वौषट्, वषट्, स्वाहा,
स्वधा these are
used while offering oblations to the gods or manes
Prepositions
(उपसर्ग or गति):
(उपसर्ग or गति):
These
prefixed to verbs and their derivatives to modify, reinforce or totally
alter the sense of the root word. For example, the root ‘हृ’ , takes on the meanings given below with different
prepositions (उपसर्गाः)
prefixed to verbs and their derivatives to modify, reinforce or totally
alter the sense of the root word. For example, the root ‘हृ’ , takes on the meanings given below with different
prepositions (उपसर्गाः)
प्र+हृ = strike,
आ+ हृ = to eat सं+
हृ= to
contract वि+ हृ = to sport परि+ हृ
= to avoid
आ+ हृ = to eat सं+
हृ= to
contract वि+ हृ = to sport परि+ हृ
= to avoid
The following upasargas are commonly prefixed to roots
अति = over, beyond अतिक्रम् = to
transgress, to overstep
transgress, to overstep
अधि = over, above, on अधिकृ to place over
अनु
= after, behind, along etc अनुगम = to go after, अनुकृ = to imitate, अनुरूप् = matching the form
= after, behind, along etc अनुगम = to go after, अनुकृ = to imitate, अनुरूप् = matching the form
अप = away, away from अपमान् = insult (away
from respect)
from respect)
अपि (sometimes पि) near to, over, taking to अपिधानम् or पिधानम् =covering
अभि towards, near to अभिसृ to go towards
अभिमान pride
अभिमान pride
अव
(sometimes व) away, off, down अवतॄ to
descend, वगाह् or अवगाह् to bathe
(sometimes व) away, off, down अवतॄ to
descend, वगाह् or अवगाह् to bathe
आ from, upto, a little, all round आच्छद् to cover all round, आकारः
shape (within due bounds) आकाशः that which shines around (i.e. the ether) आकम्प to shake a little.
shape (within due bounds) आकाशः that which shines around (i.e. the ether) आकम्प to shake a little.
उत्, उद्
upon, up, out उद्गम्
to go up उत्सृज्
to pour out उद्यमः
to elevate, to put up or to be
diligent
upon, up, out उद्गम्
to go up उत्सृज्
to pour out उद्यमः
to elevate, to put up or to be
diligent
उप
near to, towards, by the side of, under उपकृति an act of help उपरति
death उपमिति comparison
near to, towards, by the side of, under उपकृति an act of help उपरति
death उपमिति comparison
दुस्
, दुर् bad, hard to
be done दुराचार bad conduct दुष्कर hard to be done
, दुर् bad, hard to
be done दुराचार bad conduct दुष्कर hard to be done
नि in,into,down
निषद् = to sit down, उपनिषद् =
to sit down near (the guru)
निषद् = to sit down, उपनिषद् =
to sit down near (the guru)
निकेतन – a house, निचय – a heap
निस्
/ निर् – out of, without निर्दोष =
out of or free from blame निःसृ
= to issue out
/ निर् – out of, without निर्दोष =
out of or free from blame निःसृ
= to issue out
परा
– away, back, opposed to परावृत्
– to turn away from पराजय
–opposed to victory i.e. defeat. पराञ्च् – to turn back)
– away, back, opposed to परावृत्
– to turn away from पराजय
–opposed to victory i.e. defeat. पराञ्च् – to turn back)
परि
– all round, round about परिधिः a wall that surrounds, परीक्षा – examination
(judging all round)
– all round, round about परिधिः a wall that surrounds, परीक्षा – examination
(judging all round)
प्र
– forth, forward प्रयाण = to go forward, प्रगति = progress
– forth, forward प्रयाण = to go forward, प्रगति = progress
प्रति
– towards, back, re प्रतिवद् = reply प्रतिबिम्ब reflection प्रतिगम् –go towards
– towards, back, re प्रतिवद् = reply प्रतिबिम्ब reflection प्रतिगम् –go towards
वि
– apart, separate from, reverse to वियुज् = to be separate
विक्री = to sell (opposite of क्री to buy)
– apart, separate from, reverse to वियुज् = to be separate
विक्री = to sell (opposite of क्री to buy)
सम् together with, excellent, full संगम् – to be united सन्तुष्ट
– fully satisfied
– fully satisfied
सु
– well, easily, thorough (opposite of दुस्, दुर्) सुकृतम्
=done well सुशासितम्=
– well, easily, thorough (opposite of दुस्, दुर्) सुकृतम्
=done well सुशासितम्=
thorougly
trained, well governed सुलभ = easily obtainable
trained, well governed सुलभ = easily obtainable
[to be
continued in the next lesson]
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