FAMILIARISE
YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT – LESSON 12
YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT – LESSON 12
In the previous chapter we studied about the category of words known as avyayas
which remain unchanged in all cicrumstances and looked at examples which correspond
to what in English grammar can be referred to as (1) conjunctions (2)
interjections and (3) prepositions
which remain unchanged in all cicrumstances and looked at examples which correspond
to what in English grammar can be referred to as (1) conjunctions (2)
interjections and (3) prepositions
In this chapter we shall learn about avyayas which correspond to particles
and adverbs
and adverbs
(4) Particles
किल = verily, indeed खलु
= certainly, indeed च = and
तु = but,
however, in addition नु = indeed वै =
to be sure हि = because, indeed
= certainly, indeed च = and
तु = but,
however, in addition नु = indeed वै =
to be sure हि = because, indeed
The following particles are used with
certain words
certain words
अद् – अद्भुतम् = wonder का –
कापुरुषः = a bad
person काजलम् = a little water
कापुरुषः = a bad
person काजलम् = a little water
कु – कुसंग = bad company चित्, चन्
– किञ्चित्, किञ्चन=
little, somewhat कश्चित् , कश्चन= someone, anyone.
– किञ्चित्, किञ्चन=
little, somewhat कश्चित् , कश्चन= someone, anyone.
न– This is generally changed to अ when prefixed to words beginning with a
consonant. It changes to अन् when prefixed to words
beginning with a vowel. This particle
has six different meanings:
consonant. It changes to अन् when prefixed to words
beginning with a vowel. This particle
has six different meanings:
1. सादृश्य (likeness or resemblance) as in अब्राह्मणः = one, not a brahmin but resembling a
brahmin.
brahmin.
2. अभाव
(absence or negation) as in अज्ञान – absence of knowledge
(absence or negation) as in अज्ञान – absence of knowledge
3. अन्यत्व (different from) as in अयमपटः = this is something different from a
cloth (पट)
cloth (पट)
4. अल्पता (littleness) as in अनुदरा कन्या =
a girl having slender waist
a girl having slender waist
5. अप्राशस्त्य (badness, unfitness etc) as in अनीतिः = immorality अकालः =
improper times
improper times
स्म –
this particle is used with the form of the present tense of a verb which
gives the sense of the past tense as in पठति स्म = अपठत्
this particle is used with the form of the present tense of a verb which
gives the sense of the past tense as in पठति स्म = अपठत्
वित्
is added to किम् and other indeclinables
and asks a question or implies a doubt किंस्वित् = whether, how आहोस्वित् = Is it so? ( usually used after किम्)
is added to किम् and other indeclinables
and asks a question or implies a doubt किंस्वित् = whether, how आहोस्वित् = Is it so? ( usually used after किम्)
स्वी – It is used with कृ and its derivatives like a preposition
in the sense of acceptance – स्वीकार, स्वीकृतम् , स्वीकृतिः
in the sense of acceptance – स्वीकार, स्वीकृतम् , स्वीकृतिः
(5) ADVERBS
अकस्मात् = suddenly, all at once अग्रतः, अग्रे =
in front of, before
in front of, before
अचिरम्, अचिरेण, अचिराय, अचिरात् = not long since, recently, quickly
अजस्रम् =
ever, constantly, always अन्तर = into, in अतः = hence, on this account
ever, constantly, always अन्तर = into, in अतः = hence, on this account
अतीव =exceedingly अत्र
= here अथ = then,
afterwards अद्य =
today, this day
= here अथ = then,
afterwards अद्य =
today, this day
अधस्, अधस्तात् =
below, down अपरम् = again, moreover अपरेद्युः = on the following day अधुना = now, at this time अन्तर्, अन्तरा, अन्तरेण, अन्तरे = except, without, inside, between,
amidst अन्यत्, अन्यच्च = again, moreover. अन्यत्र = elsewhere
below, down अपरम् = again, moreover अपरेद्युः = on the following day अधुना = now, at this time अन्तर्, अन्तरा, अन्तरेण, अन्तरे = except, without, inside, between,
amidst अन्यत्, अन्यच्च = again, moreover. अन्यत्र = elsewhere
अन्यथा = otherwise अभीक्ष्णम् = frequently अभ्याशे = near
अमा =
together अवश्यम्
=necessarily. अलम् =enough
असकृत् =
often असंप्रति, असांप्रतम् =improperly, unfittingly आम् = indeed इतः = hence इतस्ततः = here and there इति =
in this manner, so इतिह = this indeed. इत्थम् = in this manner, so इदानीम् = just now
अमा =
together अवश्यम्
=necessarily. अलम् =enough
असकृत् =
often असंप्रति, असांप्रतम् =improperly, unfittingly आम् = indeed इतः = hence इतस्ततः = here and there इति =
in this manner, so इतिह = this indeed. इत्थम् = in this manner, so इदानीम् = just now
इह = here इयत् = slightly उत = or
उच्चैः =
loudly उत्तरम् = than उभयतः
= from both sides ऊर्ध्वम् =
up, above ऋतम् = truly
ऋते =
except, without एकत्र = in one place एकदा = once एकपदे =
all at once एतर्हि = now, at present एव = just, quite
उच्चैः =
loudly उत्तरम् = than उभयतः
= from both sides ऊर्ध्वम् =
up, above ऋतम् = truly
ऋते =
except, without एकत्र = in one place एकदा = once एकपदे =
all at once एतर्हि = now, at present एव = just, quite
एवम् = so
ओम् = so be
it कथम् = how, in what way कथञ्चन, कथञ्चित् = somehow, with great difficulty कथन्नाम = how indeed कदा = when कदाचित् =
once upon a time
ओम् = so be
it कथम् = how, in what way कथञ्चन, कथञ्चित् = somehow, with great difficulty कथन्नाम = how indeed कदा = when कदाचित् =
once upon a time
कर्हिचित् =
at any time. किञ्च = more over, further किन्तु = but किन्नु = what indeed किमुत = how much, more किंवा = or
कुतः = from
where कुत्र = where
कुत्रचित् =
somewhere कृतम् = enough, no more केवलम् =
only, merely क्व = where न क्वचित् = nowhere खलु = certainly चिरम्, चिराय, चिरात्, चिरस्य = a long time चेत् = if जातु = perhaps झटिति = quickly, at once तद् = therefore ततः consequently तत्र = there तथाहि= as for instance तस्मात् = therefore तर्हि = then, at the time तावत् = in the first place तूष्णीम् = silently तेन = on that account दिवा =
by the day दिष्ट्या= fortunately दूरम् = at a distance धिक् = fie ध्रुवम् = certainly न = not नञ्= not
at any time. किञ्च = more over, further किन्तु = but किन्नु = what indeed किमुत = how much, more किंवा = or
कुतः = from
where कुत्र = where
कुत्रचित् =
somewhere कृतम् = enough, no more केवलम् =
only, merely क्व = where न क्वचित् = nowhere खलु = certainly चिरम्, चिराय, चिरात्, चिरस्य = a long time चेत् = if जातु = perhaps झटिति = quickly, at once तद् = therefore ततः consequently तत्र = there तथाहि= as for instance तस्मात् = therefore तर्हि = then, at the time तावत् = in the first place तूष्णीम् = silently तेन = on that account दिवा =
by the day दिष्ट्या= fortunately दूरम् = at a distance धिक् = fie ध्रुवम् = certainly न = not नञ्= not
नमः = reverence नहि = not so, not at all नाना = in various ways नाम =
by name, indeed नीचैः = gently, softly नूनम् =
certainly नो = not
परम् = then,
over
by name, indeed नीचैः = gently, softly नूनम् =
certainly नो = not
परम् = then,
over
परश्वः =
day after tomorrow परितः = around परेद्युः = the other day पर्याप्तम् = sufficiently पश्चात् = behind, at last पुनः = again
पुनः पुनः = again and again पुरः, पुरस्तात्, पुरतः = before, in front पुरा = in former time पूर्वतः = before, to the East
day after tomorrow परितः = around परेद्युः = the other day पर्याप्तम् = sufficiently पश्चात् = behind, at last पुनः = again
पुनः पुनः = again and again पुरः, पुरस्तात्, पुरतः = before, in front पुरा = in former time पूर्वतः = before, to the East
पूर्वेद्युः =
yesterday पृथक् =
severally प्रतिदिनम् =
every day प्रत्युत = on the other hand प्रसह्य
= forcibly प्राक् = before, at first प्रातर् =
in the morning प्रायः =
mostly प्रेत्य = after
death बहिः = outside
बलात् =
forcibly भूयः = again and again मा =
don’t मिथः = each other
मिथ्या = false मुहुः = again and again मृषा =
falsely, lying यत् = since यतः = as, since यत्र = where यथा =
as, namely यथाकथा= somehow यथाक्रमम्= in due order यथातथा = just as required यदा = when यदि = if (the corresponding is तर्हि
not ’तदि’) यावत् = so long as, as soon as
yesterday पृथक् =
severally प्रतिदिनम् =
every day प्रत्युत = on the other hand प्रसह्य
= forcibly प्राक् = before, at first प्रातर् =
in the morning प्रायः =
mostly प्रेत्य = after
death बहिः = outside
बलात् =
forcibly भूयः = again and again मा =
don’t मिथः = each other
मिथ्या = false मुहुः = again and again मृषा =
falsely, lying यत् = since यतः = as, since यत्र = where यथा =
as, namely यथाकथा= somehow यथाक्रमम्= in due order यथातथा = just as required यदा = when यदि = if (the corresponding is तर्हि
not ’तदि’) यावत् = so long as, as soon as
युगपत् = simultaneously रात्रौ = by night वत् = like वा = or विना =
except विहायसा =
high up in the sky वृथा = in vain वै = to be sure शम् = ease
शनैः gently शश्वत् = always श्वः =
tomorrow सकृत् =
once सत् = well सततम्, सदा =
always
except विहायसा =
high up in the sky वृथा = in vain वै = to be sure शम् = ease
शनैः gently शश्वत् = always श्वः =
tomorrow सकृत् =
once सत् = well सततम्, सदा =
always
सद्यः = at once सना, सनत् =
eternal सपदि = the very moment समन्ततः = all round समम्
= equally समीपम्, समीपे = in one’s presence समीचीनं = well, properly
eternal सपदि = the very moment समन्ततः = all round समम्
= equally समीपम्, समीपे = in one’s presence समीचीनं = well, properly
सम्प्रति = now सम्मुखम् = in front सम्यक् = well
सर्वतः = on
all sides सर्वत्र = everywehre सर्वथा = by all means, in every way, in every
respect सर्वदा =
always सह = along with
सहसा = all
at once सहितम् = together with साकम् = with साक्षात् =
in a bodily form, सत्यम् =
truly सार्धम् = with साम्प्रतम् =
now, at present सायम् = in the evening सुखम् = happily सुष्ठु = in a good manner स्थाने = properly स्वयम् =
oneself स्वर् = heaven स्वस्ति =
may it all be well ह = verily, indeed हि =
because, indeed हेतोः, हेतौ = on account of
ह्यः = yesterday
Click here to go to the Master Index from where you can access more than 750 posts
सर्वतः = on
all sides सर्वत्र = everywehre सर्वथा = by all means, in every way, in every
respect सर्वदा =
always सह = along with
सहसा = all
at once सहितम् = together with साकम् = with साक्षात् =
in a bodily form, सत्यम् =
truly सार्धम् = with साम्प्रतम् =
now, at present सायम् = in the evening सुखम् = happily सुष्ठु = in a good manner स्थाने = properly स्वयम् =
oneself स्वर् = heaven स्वस्ति =
may it all be well ह = verily, indeed हि =
because, indeed हेतोः, हेतौ = on account of
ह्यः = yesterday
Click here to go to the Master Index from where you can access more than 750 posts
