FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT- LESSON 2

                                                 FAMILIARISE YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT
                                                                          LESSON – 2
The present tense 
forms of root
अस् (to
be) are :
                 
Singular      dual     plural     
     3rd
person    
अस्ति        स्तः     
सन्ति 
     2nd
person    
असि         स्थः     
स्थ
     1st
person    
अस्मि        स्वः     
स्मः
Examples :
अहं कः अस्मि ?  Who am I?
त्वं छात्रः असि  
You are a student.
त्वं कः असि ?  Who are you? 
अहं शिक्षकः अस्मि  
I am a teacher
सः कः अस्ति?  Who is he?
सः सेवकः अस्ति 
He is a servant.
Most of the time, 
the above sentences are written omitting the verb which is understood :
 त्वं छात्रः असि  
->   
त्वं छात्रः   
(
असि is
understood)
 अहं शिक्षकः अस्मि  
->
अहं शिक्षकः  (अस्मि is understood)
 सः सेवकः अस्ति  
->
सः सेवकः 
(
अस्ति is
understood) 
In practice,  the words are joined as under when the verb is
supplied:
त्वं छात्रः असि   
->
त्वं छात्रोऽसि  (छात्रः + असि = छात्रोऽसि)
अहं शिक्षकः अस्मि 
-> 
अहं शिक्षकोऽस्मि (शिक्षकः + अस्मि = शिक्षकोऽस्मि)
सः सेवकः अस्ति -> सः सेवकोऽस्ति (सेवकः + अस्ति = सेवकोऽस्ति)
Some more pronouns:
    3rd person      Singular      dual    
plural     
                      अयं         इमौ       इमे 
=  this ( masculine) 
                       इयं         इमे       इमाः
this (feminine)
                       इदं         इमे       इमानि
this (neuter)    
                       एषः        एतौ       एते 
=   this ( masculine)         
                       एषा        एते        एताः =  this (feminine)
                      एतत्        एते       एतानि  =  this
(neuter)    
अयं बालकः  = This is a
boy    (‘
अस्ति’  is
understood)
इयं बालिका  = this is
a  girl   
(‘
अस्ति’  is understood )
इदं छत्रं = this is an umbrella   (‘अस्ति’  is understood
)
इमौ बालकौ These two are boys 
(
स्तः is
understood)
इमे बालिके These two are girls   
(
स्तः is
understood)
इमे छत्रे  These two are
umbrellas (
स्तः is
understood)
इमे बालकाः  these are
boys  (
सन्ति is understood)
इमाः बालिकाः  these are
girls  (
सन्ति is understood)
इमानि छत्राणि  these are umbrellas (सन्ति is understood)
एषः मम वामः ह्स्तः 
this is my left hand
एषः मम दक्षिणः हस्तः 
this is my right hand
एतौ मम हस्तौ  These are my two hands
Case
endings for masculine nouns ending with ‘
’ – देव शब्दः  
Nominative  (subject)                   देवः       देवौ      
देवाः
Accusative  (direct object)           देवं        देवौ      
देवान्
Instrumental                                  देवेन      
देवाभ्याम्   देवैः
Dative (indirect
object)               
देवाय     
देवाभ्याम्   देवेभ्यः
Ablative                   देवात्     
देवाभ्याम्   देवेभ्यः  
Possessive                                       देवस्य     
देवयोः     देवानाम्
Locative                                            देवे         देवयोः     देवेषु   
Vocative                   देव       देवौ        देवाः 
Case
endings for masculine nouns ending with ‘
’ – राम शब्दः  
Nominative  (subject)                   रामः      रामौ          रामाः
Accusative  (direct object)           रामं       रामौ          रामान्
Instrumental                                  रामेण    
रामाभ्याम्      रामैः
Dative (indirect
object)               
रामाय    
रामाभ्याम्      रामेभ्यः
Ablative                   रामात्    
रामाभ्यांम्      रामेभ्यः   
Possessive                                       रामस्य    
रामयोः       रामाणाम्
Locative                                            रामे        रामयोः       रामेषु
Vocative                   राम      
रामौ         रामाः
रामो राजमणिः सदा विजयते रामं रमेशं भजे
रामेणाभिहता निशाचरचमू  रामाय तस्मै नम:
रामात् नास्ति परायणं परतरं रामस्य दासोऽस्म्यहम्
रामे चित्तलयः सदा भवतु मे भो राम मामुद्धर
All case endings for ‘रामशब्द (singular) are in the above
sloka.  Commit this to memory for easy
recall.
रामः राजमणिः सदा विजयतेRama, the jewel among  kings, is ever victorious
रामं रमेशं भजे – (I)
worship Rama,  consort of Lakshmi  (I is understood)
रामेण अभिहताः निशाचरचमू   By Rama were killed the armies of
rakshasas
रामाय तस्मै  नमःFor that Rama are my prostrations
रामात् नास्ति परायणं परतरं – there is none greater than Rama
in whom one can take
refuge.
रामस्य दासः अस्मि अहम् 
–  I am the servant of Rama
रामे चित्तलयः सदा भवतु मे –  Let my mind
always dwell in Rama
भो राम मामुद्धर  – O Rama! lift
me up from this (samsara etc)
All words of masculine gender ending with ‘’  will have
their case endings similar to the ‘
रामशब्द given
above.  Annexure I gives a detailed list
of these words.
Note the and णां 
instrumental singular and possesssive plural.   This will be
  and नां respectively in शिवः , कृष्णः  etc  (शिवेन, शिवानांकृष्णेन, कृष्णानां) and many other
words. 
नरः  will be नरेण 
and
नराणां as in
the case of ’
राम’ .
’  becomes ‘’   in the
following cases:
In single words (समानपद)  when preceded by ‘र्’ 
or ‘
ष्’   as  in
नृणाम् , पितॄणाम् ,
भ्रातॄणाम् . चतुर्णाम् , पुष्णाति, मुष्णाति etc.
When in  समानपद 
र्ओर्ष्’   is preceded
by any of the following letters:
Any vowel, ह्, य्, व्, र्, क्, ख्, ग्, घ्, ङ्, प्, फ्, ब्, भ्, म्, anuswara or upasarga
as in the following examples:
करणम् , हरणम् , तरणम् , मरणम् , कराणाम्, नराणाम् , कुमाराणाम् , हरिणा
ऋषिणा, हरीणाम्, ऋषीणाम्प्रभुणा, गुरुणा, नरेण, करेण, कुमारेण, उत्तरायणम्, अग्रणी, ग्रामणी, इक्षुवण्म्, आम्रवणम्, पूर्वाह्णः, अप्राह्णः etc.    
Exercise :  Given in the annexure
are words of masculine gender ending with ‘
अः
in nominative case, singular.  
Write out as many words as possible in the eight vibhaktis, in singular,
dual and plural forms as per the ’
रामशब्द given above   

                                                 

Sri P R Ramamurthy Ji was the author of this website. When he started this website in 2009, he was in his eighties. He was able to publish such a great number of posts in limited time of 4 years. We appreciate his enthusiasm for Sanskrit Literature. Authors story in his own words : http://ramamurthypr1931.blogspot.com/

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1 Comment on FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT- LESSON 2

  1. well explained and easily understandable especially the vibhaktis

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