FAMILIARISE
YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT
YOURSELF WITH SANSKRIT
LESSON 13
Carefully read the following sentences in the past
tense
tense
अहं स्तोत्रं अलिखम् = I wrote
the hymn
the hymn
त्वं स्तोत्रं अलिखः
= You wrote the hymn
= You wrote the hymn
सः स्तोत्रं अलिखत्
= He wrote the hymn
= He wrote the hymn
Recall the past
tense forms of the root ‘लिख्’ given
below:
tense forms of the root ‘लिख्’ given
below:
Singular Dual Plural
लिख् to write (1.P) 3rd person अलिखत् अलिखताम् अलिखन्
2nd person अलिखः अलिखतम् अलिखत
1st person अलिखम् अलिखाव अलोखाम
Now read the following:
मया स्तोत्रं लिखितं
= The hymn was written by me
= The hymn was written by me
त्वया स्तोत्रं लिखितं = The hymn
was written by you
was written by you
तेन स्तोत्रं लिखितं = The hymn was written by him
The first set of sentences are in active voice, the verb is in the past tense. The second set of sentences (which resembles
passive voice in English) convey the
same meaning but here the verb (आसीत् which corresponds to ‘स्तोत्रम्’ which is third person, singular) is
implied not explicit. Also ‘लिखितं’ corresponds to ‘स्तोत्रम्’ and therefore is the same in all the sentences. However this will change to ‘लिखिता’ and ‘लिखितः’ as in the
following sentences where the object is of the feminine and masculine gender
respectively
passive voice in English) convey the
same meaning but here the verb (आसीत् which corresponds to ‘स्तोत्रम्’ which is third person, singular) is
implied not explicit. Also ‘लिखितं’ corresponds to ‘स्तोत्रम्’ and therefore is the same in all the sentences. However this will change to ‘लिखिता’ and ‘लिखितः’ as in the
following sentences where the object is of the feminine and masculine gender
respectively
मया कविता लिखिता
= The poem was written by me ’
= The poem was written by me ’
त्वया कविता लिखिता =
The poem was written by you
The poem was written by you
तेन कविता लिखिता = The
poem was written by him
poem was written by him
मया लेखःलिखितः
= The essay was written by me ’
= The essay was written by me ’
त्वया लेखःलिखितः =
The essay was written by you
The essay was written by you
तेन लेखःलिखितः = The essay was written by him
Here are some
examples of roots when used in passive voice in the three genders (person (first,
second or third) is not relevant here)
examples of roots when used in passive voice in the three genders (person (first,
second or third) is not relevant here)
Masculine Feminine
Neuter
Neuter
अर्च् to worship अर्चितः अर्चिता अर्चितम्
अर्ज् to earn
अर्जितः अर्जिता अर्जितम्
अर्जितः अर्जिता अर्जितम्
ईक्ष् to see
ईक्षितः ईक्षिता ईक्षितम्
ईक्षितः ईक्षिता ईक्षितम्
निन्द् to abuse
निन्दितः निन्दिता निन्दितम्
निन्दितः निन्दिता निन्दितम्
पठ् to
read पठितः
पठिता पठितम्
read पठितः
पठिता पठितम्
दण्ड् to punish
दण्डितः दण्डिता दण्डितम्
दण्डितः दण्डिता दण्डितम्
पूज् to worship
पूजितः पूजिता पूजितम्
पूजितः पूजिता पूजितम्
भक्ष् to eat
भक्षितः भक्षिता भक्षितम्
भक्षितः भक्षिता भक्षितम्
भूष to adorn
भूषितः भूषिता भूषितम्
भूषितः भूषिता भूषितम्
आक्रम् to invade आक्रान्त: आक्रान्ता अक्रान्तम्
क्षम् to bear
क्षान्तः क्षान्ता क्षान्तम्
क्षान्तः क्षान्ता क्षान्तम्
कृ to do कृतः कृता कृतम्
छिद् to cut
छिन्नः छिन्ना छिन्नम्
छिन्नः छिन्ना छिन्नम्
भिद् to differen-
Tiate भिन्नः
भिन्ना भिन्नम्
भिन्ना भिन्नम्
Exercise:
Convert a few more roots of verbs as given in the above examples to express
past tense.
Convert a few more roots of verbs as given in the above examples to express
past tense.
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